Category: Well-Being

Imagine a scenario where you dine together with your teenager. The food is hot, the place is silent, and everything seems peaceful. While dining, you chitchat with them about “how their day was,” which they always answer as “okay” or “perfect”. You ask if there is anything that is not right, but get a reply like “nothing.” Without further ado, the conversation comes to an end.

You shake it off and move on. However, later you see them laughing at a meme on their phone or breaking into laughter at something on TV, and you feel like telling yourself, “Look at that, they are just fine. I was just imagining things.” Therefore, you let it slide.

That was not it, though. A smile is not always a confirmation that everything is alright. Almost all teenagers have become adept at the art of pretending like everything is perfect on the outside, whereas, in reality, they might be carrying a heavy mental burden. Instead of sharing their pain with you, they would rather take care of it on their own.

This is not an isolated affair. This happens in millions of homes every single day. It is not because your teenager does not love you or you are a bad parent. This is because there is something in their mind that tells them that it is best to be quiet rather than say something.

Though actually, what is the real issue here? Why do many teenagers prefer the option of keeping their own mental health struggles to themselves, rather than just going to the next room and talking to the person (aka their ‘parents’) they are most comfortable with? Let’s understand it here.

It is not about the ‘stigma’ associated with mental health

For a long time, it has been thought that youths kept quiet about it because they were embarrassed about their mental health issues or feared being “crazy” or “weak” and excluded by others. But the truth is not as terrible as it sounds.

The current teenage generation has always talked about the topic of mental health openly. It is in their schools, their social media sites, and the programs they watch. Shame is still a factor for some, yes, but it’s not the main reason young people become silent.

The exact causes are not so flashy but more personal, and yes, they are somewhat heartbreaking.

• They do not think you will understand:

A study by the American Psychiatric Association Publishing involving 1,428 teenagers aged 13-17 across the United States revealed that the major factor in why they avoid sharing their mental health struggles is that they believe their parents ‘will not get what they are going through’.

As a parent, how about if you were in their shoes? You are already finding it difficult to express your feelings in a better way. You are already doubting if you are truly going through it. Then you picture yourself saying it, and instantly, you come to the conclusion that they do not understand. For this reason, you close the door to conversation even without opening it.

This is not a perpetrator’s or a parent’s attack. This is just the way teenagers are at this moment in their lives. They feel like their world is different, their problems are different, and the gap between their experience and yours feels too wide to cross.

• They are afraid you will try to fix it instead of just listening:

49% of teenagers in the same study reported that they hide mental health struggles from parents because they know they will go directly to problem-solving mode. They will advise, suggest, or convey something like “you need to do as I say.”

Keep in mind that there is a big difference between being listened to and being helped. When the parent immediately moves on to fixing, the teenager feels like their emotions are a burden to be solved rather than a feeling to be understood. Thus, next time, a teenager prefers to keep it to themselves.

• They are uncomfortable with the feelings themselves:

Sometimes, they do not even mind admitting ‘they are struggling’. Sometimes, they avoid you because they do not feel well with what is actually going on in their own heads or have no words for it. Plus, they do not know how to tell what they feel. Everything is too hard and confusing for them to put together into a sentence.

About 42% of the teenagers in the same study admitted this statement. This is by no means a sign of weakness. But they have not yet gained the skills of understanding the language of pain. They use the technique of burying or warping, which means they push issues aside until they are over and the issues resolve themselves. They do not shun you, but they are shunning the emotion.

• They do not want to be a burden:

The hardest part for many parents is the fact that children might keep silent because they care for them and want to protect them. They see you working hard, stressed, and carrying everything you already have. It’s like, ‘I can’t add my feelings to this’. Almost half of those teenagers in the study admitted that the possibility of burdening their parents makes them anxious. In the case of LGBTQ+ teens, this number was even higher, as revealed by many studies.

Do not think that they are pushing you away. They are trying to shield you. That is because they love you, delivered through a seemingly silent response.

• They worry the conversation will go wrong:

The teenager has already seen the whole scenario played out in their head a hundred times before even the first words have come out. Quite often the scenario that plays out will have a bad ending.

• What if you panic and overreact?
• What if you tell someone else?
• What if you bring it up in almost every argument from now on?
• What if you make it worse?

These are their true fears, although they appear to be far-fetched to you. Still, many teenagers from this study revealed they kept silent for fear that parents would make the situation worse or act in a way that is out of control.

Some teenagers face even bigger walls:

Not every teenager sees their obstacles and struggles the same way. Research by the Journal of Springer Nature Link has shown that Hispanic and Black teenagers, as well as those of LGBTQ+ status, deal with a lot more barriers than others.

• For Hispanic teens, not wanting to bring shame or despair to the family is a contributing factor.

• Black teens point out that they have a deep distrust, thinking that either their sorrows will be seen as a joke or as less serious.

• LGBTQ+ teens feel too much shame for not being “normal,” which is what makes the fear even higher for them.

These are not just minor issues but different layers of the life experience that make the already important act of asking for help seem nearly impossible. These children are not hard to reach. However, they do need more safety, more trust, and more genuine understanding before they can open up.

Parents are still the first choice, but the gap is there:

Despite all the things mentioned above, the study also demonstrated that 87% of those surveyed teenagers said they would turn to their parents first if they were dealing with sadness or depression. Parents are the ones who come before friends, before school counselors, and before mental health professionals.

This is proof that the bond is still strong. Love is still there. The door is just not yet open. It’s just reached a stuck point now. This is not due to distance or disrespect. It’s usually fear of not being heard, and very hard conversations keep them silent.

This is a gap that is meant to be bridged and can be.

So where does a psychiatrist come in?

At times, a teenager’s sadness or unease is not just ordinary tension. Sometimes the issues they have are real, clinical, and deeply rooted concerns that go beyond what a parent, a friend, or any school counselor might be skilled at helping. That is no one’s fault. It’s the way mental pressure looks.

A psychiatrist is not some person who sets up in their freezing office and sticks labels on your teen. A board-certified psychiatrist is a medical doctor who has attained the highest level of education and training in the mental health field. They understand what goes on inside a young person’s struggling mind that is often skipped by parents (please don’t take it offensively; as a dentist is required for tooth care, same as a psychiatrist is there for mental health care help). They provide an environment where the teenager knows that they cannot be a say on someone, or be misunderstood, or have their conversation against them in the future. It is the teenagers’ own place.

Furthermore, a psychiatrist can help teenagers do something that many of them expressed in the study that they require the most: find the language. Find the words for what they are feeling and learn how to talk about hard emotions.

Note that professional psychiatric care is not the last option but rather the means that brings teenagers back and reconnects them with the ones they love. Nowadays, teenagers can easily receive mental health care, as they find help just one screen away from them. For example, GABA Telepsychiatry allows parents and children to reach out for expert psychiatric assistance 24/7 from a board-certified child psychiatrist online. This also allows them to get the expert help they need at every stage of their development, whenever and wherever they need it.

What can actually help right now?

If you are a parent reading this, know that you don’t have to have a perfect script. A few slight changes can do the work perfectly.

• Ask without expecting the answer. Let them know that the door is open without pressuring them.

• Listen to understand rather than to reply. Save the advice for the moment when they will ask for it.

• Make feelings a part of everyday talk. Don’t save it till the crisis moment.

If the difficulties seem to be more than they can handle, involve a professional without it seeming like a punishment or a failure on their part.

Your child is not hiding away from you because they do not need you. They are keeping a distance because they are afraid, feel uneasy, and are not sure that the conversation that will be initiated will end well. The positive part is that this feeling is not permanent. It can be changed. It is a mission worth combining.

The silence is not the end of the story. It is only the point of talking about the story as it is right now.

Author Bio:

Mike is a medical writer. He is passionate about mental health, especially for children, teens, and families facing emotional and behavioral challenges. To learn more, visit https://gabapsychiatrist.com/. 

References:

• Modi K, Mullen MG, Tolode K, Erickson-Schroth L, Hurley K, MacPhee J. Why Teens Don’t Talk: Understanding the Role of Stigma Within Barriers to Help Seeking. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2025 Jan;23(1):25-32. doi: 10.1176/appi.focus.20240029. Epub 2025 Jan 15. PMID: 39776463; PMCID: PMC11701813.

• Chia, J.M.X., Choo, C.K.L., Vijayakumar, S. et al. Children’s Mental Health Distress and Barriers to Help-Seeking: Insights from the Tinkle Friend Chatline. Child Youth Care Forum 55, 565–587 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-025-09897-x

• Daskalska L, Nelson D, Smith J, Young S. Access to mental health care for Black and Latino teens with anxiety and depression: a qualitative study. Discov Ment Health. 2025 Apr 24;5(1):61. doi: 10.1007/s44192-025-00190-w. PMID: 40272643; PMCID: PMC12022193.

Almost everything on a list of depression symptoms also describes a fairly normal fifteen-year-old. Sleeping oddly, snapping at siblings, shutting a bedroom door, losing interest in the sport they played for six years. Parents who go looking for a clean dividing line between adolescence and illness usually do not find one, and that uncertainty is part of why families wait longer than they meant to.

The line does exist, but it runs through pattern, duration, and function rather than through any single behavior. A teenager who is sad on Thursday is a teenager. A teenager who has been flat, irritable, and withdrawn for two months, whose grades have slid, who has stopped answering friends, and who no longer enjoys the things that used to hold their attention is describing something clinical. What follows is what that shift actually looks like as it happens, and what parents can do at each stage of it.

How Common Is Depression in Teenagers?

Depression in adolescence is not rare, and knowing the scale of it makes it easier to take an early hunch seriously. National Institute of Mental Health figures put the number of U.S. adolescents aged 12 to 17 who had at least one major depressive episode in a year at roughly 5.0 million, or 20.1% of that age group. The rate was 29.2% among girls and 11.5% among boys.

The treatment side of that picture is the part parents should sit with. Only about 40.6% of adolescents who had a major depressive episode received any treatment for it during the same period. Separately, the CDC’s 2023 Youth Risk Behavior Survey found that 40% of high school students reported persistent feelings of sadness or hopelessness during the past year, down from 42% in 2021, with the figure among female students falling from 57% to 53%.

What Is the Difference Between Normal Teen Moodiness and Depression?

Ordinary adolescent moods move. A bad afternoon gives way to a good evening, a fight with a friend resolves in three days, and the teenager is still recognizably themselves underneath it. Depression flattens that variability. The mood stops responding to good news, and it holds across settings rather than only in the room where the argument happened.

Duration is the second marker. The NIMH guidance on child and adolescent mental health points parents toward signs that last weeks or months interfere with daily life at home, at school, or with peers. Two weeks of most day’s low mood is the clinical threshold; a bad week after a breakup is not.

The third marker is loss of interest, and it is the one parents tend to underweight. When a teenager quietly drops the activities that used to be theirs and does not replace them with anything, that is often the earliest real signal.

Warning Signs of Depression in Teens Parents Often Miss

Depression in teenagers frequently presents as irritability rather than visible sadness. A kid who seems angry at everyone, who is short-tempered over small things, and who reads as difficult rather than sad is easy to interpret as rude. NIMH’s guide to teen depression lists increased frustration, irritability, and anger alongside the more familiar symptoms.

The other commonly missed signs cluster around the body and around self-image:

• Frequent headaches, stomachaches, or fatigue with no medical explanation
• Sleeping far more or far less than usual, and being exhausted either way
• Appetite changes in either direction
• Harsh self-criticism that has stopped sounding like ordinary teenage self-doubt
• Pulling back from friends who used to be constant

None of these alone means much. Several of them together, holding steady for a month or more, is a pattern worth acting on. Safe Search Kids has a useful companion piece on when teen behavior signals something deeper that covers how to read a cluster of changes rather than a single incident.

How Depression Affects School Performance and Attendance

School is usually where the first objective evidence appears, because school is the one place a teenager’s functioning gets measured and written down every few weeks. A population study of 8,222 Norwegian adolescents published in Frontiers in Psychology found that students scoring in the top 10% for depressive symptoms missed about 1.09 more days of school than lower-scoring peers, and that short sleep accounted for roughly a third of the link between symptoms and absence.

Missed days are only the surface. Depression degrades concentration, working memory, and the ability to sustain effort, so a teenager can attend every class and still finish nothing. Teachers often notice before parents do: incomplete work from a student who used to be reliable, a slower pace, withdrawal from group projects.

Clinicians describe those losses in four broad functional categories, and those same categories reappear far outside the classroom. Social Security evaluates eligibility for disability benefits for depression using criteria under listing 12.04 that turn on marked or extreme limitation in the ability to understand and apply information, interact with others, concentrate and maintain pace, and adapt or manage oneself. Parents do not need that framework to help their kid, but it is a clear way to think about what depression takes away, and school records are the earliest place those losses get documented.

How Teen Depression Shows Up in Online Behavior

Online behavior shifts in a way that is visible if you know what you are watching for. A teenager who has been posting and messaging steadily goes quiet, or moves from public posting to scrolling alone late at night. Group chats they were central to keep going without them. Some teens do the opposite and become far more active at hours when they should be asleep.

The relationship between social platforms and mood is real but easy to overstate. A CDC analysis of 2023 survey data found that 42.6% of students who used social media frequently reported persistent feelings of sadness or hopelessness, compared with 31.9% of less frequent users. Teenagers themselves are not naive about it. Pew Research Center found that 48% of teens say social media has a mostly negative effect on people their age, 45% say it hurts how much sleep they get, and 44% say they have cut back on their own use.

Treat the platform as context rather than cause. A depressed teenager will often use their phone differently, and that change in use is worth noticing, but taking the phone away does not treat the depression. Read about the broader picture in its overview of digital risks to adolescent mental health.

How to Talk to a Teenager You Think Might Be Depressed

Open with observation instead of diagnosis. Naming a concrete change you have noticed, such as a guitar untouched for two months, gives them something specific to respond to and does not require them to accept a label. Questions that start with “you seem” land better than questions that start with “are you.”

Expect the first conversation to go nowhere and plan on a fourth one. Teenagers often deny that anything is wrong, then return to the subject days later on their own terms, sideways and usually in a car or late at night. Keeping the door open matters more than getting an answer on the first attempt.

When to Get a Professional Evaluation for Teen Depression

The practical threshold is functional. When symptoms have lasted more than a couple of weeks and are visibly interfering with school, sleep, friendships, or family life, a pediatrician visit is the right next step. Pediatricians screen for depression routinely and can refer out from there.

If a teenager mentions thoughts of suicide or self-harm, treat it as urgent rather than as something to monitor. The 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline is available by call or text at any hour.

What Happens When Teen Depression Becomes Long-Term

Most teenagers who get treatment recover. A minority do not, and their depression becomes severe and persistent enough to limit what they can do for a year or longer. For those families, documentation that started as ordinary school paperwork turns out to matter a great deal.

Social Security’s childhood mental disorder criteria rely heavily on school records, IEPs and Section 504 plans, teacher reports, and longitudinal treatment notes showing how functioning held up over months. For a child under 18, SSA requires that the condition cause marked and severe functional limitations and last, or be expected to last, at least 12 months. At age 18, the standard changes to the adult one, and parental income stops counting, which sometimes makes a young adult eligible when they were not before. The adult test also brings in an earnings threshold, set by the SSA at $1,690 a month in 2026.

None of this is where a parent should start. It is worth knowing only because the records that make a difference later are created early, by keeping evaluations, counselor notes, and accommodation paperwork in one place from the beginning.

Why Early Recognition Matters

The gap between how many adolescents have depression and how many are treated for it is not mostly a gap in caring. It is a gap in recognition, made worse by how convincingly early depression imitates ordinary adolescence. Parents who watch for pattern and duration rather than for a single dramatic moment catch it earlier, and earlier means shorter episodes, less academic damage, and fewer decisions made under pressure. A teenager who is quietly struggling rarely announces it, so the noticing falls to the adults around them.

Schools provide children with opportunities to learn, build friendships, and develop important life skills. They also bring large groups of students into close contact every day, creating conditions where common viruses and bacteria can spread quickly.

Although it is impossible to eliminate every exposure, parents who understand where germs are most likely to accumulate can help children build habits that lower their risk of illness.

The Most Common Germ Hotspots

Many germs spread through frequently touched surfaces rather than direct contact alone. Classroom door handles, desks, computer keyboards, tablets, shared art supplies, and cafeteria tables are among the most commonly used objects during a typical school day.

Playground equipment also deserves attention because children often move from climbing structures and swings directly to snacks or classroom activities. Water fountains, restroom faucets, and locker handles are additional locations where many students touch the same surfaces within a short period. Younger children are especially likely to touch their eyes, nose, or mouth without realizing it.

Healthy Habits That Make a Difference

Regular handwashing remains one of the most effective ways to reduce the spread of many infectious illnesses. Children should wash their hands before eating, after using the restroom, after recess, and whenever their hands become visibly dirty.

Parents can also teach children to cover coughs and sneezes with their elbow instead of their hands. Carrying tissues and, when appropriate, hand sanitizer provides additional protection during the school day when soap and water may not be immediately available. Avoiding the sharing of water bottles, eating utensils, lip balm, or personal items also helps reduce the transmission of germs between classmates.

Support Children’s Overall Health

Healthy habits outside the classroom strengthen a child’s ability to recover from common illnesses. Consistent sleep schedules, balanced nutrition, regular physical activity, and adequate hydration all support normal immune function.

Parents should encourage children to speak up if they begin feeling unwell during the school day. Early communication allows families to respond promptly and helps reduce the possibility of spreading illness to classmates. Keeping children home when they have contagious symptoms protects both the recovering child and the larger school community.

Schools and Families Share the Responsibility

Creating healthier learning environments requires teamwork among parents, teachers, school administrators, custodial staff, and students. Regular cleaning and disinfection of high-touch surfaces help reduce the buildup of germs throughout classrooms and shared spaces.

Many districts also partner with professional commercial janitorial services to maintain classrooms, cafeterias, restrooms, gyms, and other frequently used areas according to established cleaning schedules. These efforts work best when combined with consistent hygiene habits practiced by students every day. Open communication between schools and families about illness outbreaks or changing health guidance also supports timely prevention efforts.

Children who develop these habits early often carry them into adulthood, protecting themselves and those around them in many different settings. Consistent cooperation between families and schools creates an environment where students can focus more on learning and less on missed classroom time caused by preventable illnesses. Check out the infographic below to learn more.

A slammed bedroom door. A missed assignment. Another midnight scroll. Parents can read all three as evidence that something is wrong. Usually, the more useful question is whether the change keeps returning and starts to interfere with daily life.

Parents looking for teen mental health help are often caught between two fears: overreacting to ordinary adolescence and missing something important. A calm review of mood, sleep, school, relationships, safety, and daily functioning can show whether the next step is a conversation or outside support.

For families, a persistent pattern that has been observed and discussed may justify researching help for struggling teens with guidance from a pediatrician, licensed mental health professional, or school support team. Looking at options does not mean jumping to intensive care. The right level depends on the teen’s needs, safety, functioning, and family context. 

Look for a pattern, not a single moment

Teenagers can be irritable, private, impulsive, or withdrawn while navigating stress and growing independence. A warning sign is not simply behavior an adult dislikes. It is a meaningful change from that teen’s usual pattern, especially when it lasts for weeks, disrupts functioning, or raises safety concerns.¹

Four questions can help organize what you see:

• Change: Is the behavior new or clearly unlike the teen’s usual temperament and habits?
• Duration: Has it continued beyond a brief reaction to a setback, conflict, or poor sleep?
• Reach: Does it appear in several settings, including home, school, activities, or friendships?
• Impact: Is it disrupting responsibilities, relationships, self-care, or safety?

Patterns worth noting may include:

• Noticeable changes in sleep, appetite, energy, grooming, or self-care
• Sadness, fear, anger, numbness, or hopeless comments that persist or intensify
• A sharp decline in attendance, grades, responsibilities, or interest in usual activities
• Withdrawal from supportive people or repeated conflict across several settings
• Risky behavior, substance use, or comments about death or self-harm

No item on this list proves that a teen has a mental health condition. Concern rises when several changes cluster, persist, worsen, or interfere with daily functioning. A sudden and severe change can also matter before a longer pattern develops.

Screen time may be context, not the explanation

Screen use is often the loudest part of the family conflict, but content, timing, and function usually tell more than the hour count. A device can expose a teen to harassment, exclusion, social comparison, or upsetting content. It can also provide connection and support. Late-night use can crowd out sleep, and repeated exposure to harmful content can intensify distress.² The screen may be part of the pattern without being the whole explanation.

The sequence around the device may be more informative than the hour count. Notice what happens before and after use. Does mood shift following a particular chat? Is the phone replacing sleep, meals, schoolwork, or in-person contact? Has the teen abruptly left a favorite platform after receiving messages? These details add context, not a diagnosis.

Reasonable digital boundaries can protect family routines. A screen rule may address bedtime, however, while leaving bullying, panic, grief, or another concern untouched.

Similar behavior can have different roots

The same outward behavior can come from academic pressure, bullying, family conflict, grief, poor sleep, physical illness, medication effects, substance use, neurodevelopmental needs, anxiety, depression, trauma, or several of these at once.¹ ³ Context matters because the response that helps one teen may miss the problem entirely for another.

That is why the first task is context, not classification.

A thorough assessment may consider medical history, sleep, medications, substance use, development, school life, and family circumstances. That broader view is more useful than starting with a label.

Open a conversation without creating an interrogation

A calm moment usually gives parents more information than a confrontation. Start with what you have observed, not what you think it means: “I’ve noticed you stopped going to practice and you’re awake most of the night. I’m concerned. What has been going on?”

Listen long enough to hear the answer. Avoid stacking questions, correcting every detail, or making phone access the price of talking. Some teens find it easier to speak while walking, driving, or sitting side by side. One conversation may open only a small door.

Safety is the exception to a slow pace. When words or behavior raise concern, ask plainly, “Are you thinking about hurting yourself?” and “Do you feel safe right now?” Asking directly does not increase suicidal thoughts and can open the door to an honest safety conversation.⁵ An unclear or alarming answer is enough reason to seek prompt professional support. Do not promise secrecy when someone’s safety may be at risk.

Staying calm does not require dropping household limits. It means separating the boundary from the judgment. A parent can hold a rule while remaining curious about what is driving the behavior. 

Match support to the level of need

Seeking teen mental health help makes sense when changes persist, worsen, keep returning, or disrupt school, relationships, self-care, or safety. It also makes sense when family conversations no longer clarify or stabilize the situation.

A pediatrician or primary care clinician can consider physical causes and mental health needs. School staff may add context about attendance, learning, or peer changes. A licensed therapist can assess symptoms and daily functioning. Support may range from school adjustments and outpatient care to family work, substance-use services, or more structured treatment. Intensive care is not the default and should follow an individualized assessment.

Support should match severity, daily functioning, safety, and the teen’s response over time. Primary care guidelines recommend structured assessment, safety planning, active monitoring, and coordination with mental health specialists when symptoms are persistent, impairing, or severe.³ ⁴ A plan may begin with outpatient support and change as the teen’s needs become clearer.

When safety changes the timeline

Safety concerns override a wait-and-see approach. Treat statements about suicide or self-harm, a plan or access to lethal means, a suspected overdose, severe injury, violent behavior that cannot be safely contained, or loss of contact with reality as urgent.

Stay with the teen when it is safe to do so, limit access to immediate hazards when you can do that safely, and contact emergency or crisis support. This is frightening, and no caregiver should have to manage an immediate crisis alone.

A calmer way to read the pattern

Teen behavior rarely arrives with a clear label. Parents do not need to decode every mood or police every minute online. They need to notice sustained change, ask with compassion, respond to impaired functioning, and match support to the teen in front of them.

A careful response cannot promise a quick turnaround, but it can replace guessing with clearer information and safer decisions. Progress often develops through small adjustments, honest follow-up, and more than one conversation.

This article is for general education and cannot diagnose a condition or determine the right level of care. A qualified healthcare professional can assess an individual teen.

Author Bio

Earl Wagner is a health content strategist focused on behavioral systems, clinical communication, and data-informed healthcare education.

Sources

1. National Institute of Mental Health. (n.d.). Child and adolescent mental health.
2. Office of the U.S. Surgeon General. (2023). Social media and youth mental health.
3. Zuckerbrot, R. A., Cheung, A., Jensen, P. S., Stein, R. E. K., Laraque, D., & GLAD-PC Steering Group. (2018). Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care (GLAD-PC): Part I. Practice preparation, identification, assessment, and initial management. Pediatrics, 141(3), e20174081. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-4081
4. Cheung, A. H., Zuckerbrot, R. A., Jensen, P. S., Laraque, D., Stein, R. E. K., & GLAD-PC Steering Group. (2018). Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care (GLAD-PC): Part II. Treatment and ongoing management. Pediatrics, 141(3), e20174082. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-4082
5. DeCou, C. R., & Schumann, M. E. (2018). On the iatrogenic risk of assessing suicidality: A meta-analysis. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 48(5), 531–543. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12368