Study Smarter with Scientifically Proven Strategies
Studying smarter does not mean studying more. Research has shown that the way you study can significantly impact how well you retain information and how effectively you can apply it in new situations. For students who are looking to study for their end of year exams, we should be using techniques that help us maximise our learning.
Let’s explore some new research that debunks so old theories and explores scientifically-backed study techniques can make a world of difference.
1. Spaced Repetition
Spaced repetition is one of the most effective ways to enhance memory retention. The technique involves spacing out study sessions over time, rather than cramming information all at once. This method takes advantage of the psychological spacing effect, where information is more likely to be transferred to long-term memory if it is reviewed periodically over increasing intervals. This is because, after an initial learning session, the brain begins to forget some of the information. Revisiting it just before it is forgotten strengthens the neural pathways, making it easier to recall later.
Studies have shown that spaced repetition significantly improves retention rates compared to massed practice (cramming). For example, research by Cepeda et al. (2006) found that students who used spaced repetition to study foreign vocabulary retained the words significantly better over longer periods than those who did not use spaced intervals.
For students, incorporating spaced repetition into their study schedules can not only prevent burnout but also ensure better long-term retention of key concepts across subjects.
2. Active Recall and the Generation Effect
Active recall is a method where learners actively test themselves on the material they are studying rather than passively reviewing notes or textbooks. The generation effect is a psychological phenomenon that suggests that the act of trying to recall something, even if you get it wrong, is better than just passive highlighting notes. This is because active recall forces the brain to engage in deeper cognitive processing, making the information more memorable.
Research supports this approach: a study by Karpicke and Roediger (2008) demonstrated that students who used active recall (i.e., testing themselves) while studying retained 80% of the information over a week, compared to only 36% for students who relied on passive review methods. This “testing effect” has been shown to be particularly beneficial for complex, higher-order thinking tasks, such as those found in exams, where understanding and application are more critical than rote memorisation.
There is also a “hypercorrection effect” at play here as well, where students are more likely to remember correct answers after being wrong. This occurs because making errors during self-testing creates a cognitive surprise, which enhances the encoding of the correct information when reviewed.
3. Interleaved Practise for Deeper Learning
Interleaved practice is another scientifically backed method where students study different types of problems in a single study session. This might feel more challenging and slower than blocked practice, but it has been proven to improve retention and the ability to transfer learning to new contexts.
There has been some research on interleaved practice in middle school math classrooms, where students who used this method outperformed their peers who used blocked practice. The study found that while students in the interleaved practice group reported feeling less confident and made slower progress initially, they performed significantly better on subsequent tests involving new problems. This is because interleaved practice requires learners to identify which strategies apply to different types of problems, thereby building a more generalizable and flexible understanding of the material.
4. Repetition and Familiarity
Repetition and familiarity are foundational elements in effective learning. When students first encounter new information, a significant amount of cognitive effort is spent on grasping basic terms and concepts, which uses up a considerable portion of their working memory. This is particularly prevalent in school environments, where effectively every day (maybe ever hour), students are learning new pieces of information for the first time.
In order to convert this new knowledge into your long-term memory, it is imperative that the information is revisited. The first time we learn something, we remember only a fraction of it. But with each review, the rate of forgetting slows down, and the information moves from short-term to long-term memory.
For students, taking your own summary notes can be a great way to help solidify new information into your long-term memory. The key here is that students actually write their own notes and explain the new information in their own words.
When learning something new, it can be challenging to retain the information, especially if it is disconnected from what you already know. To make learning more effective, one powerful strategy is to create a “semantic network.” This involves linking new information to existing knowledge, which helps integrate it into your long-term memory. The semantic network acts like a web of interconnected ideas in your brain.
The more connections a piece of information has, the easier it is to recall because related concepts can trigger each other.
At Apex Tuition Australia, you’ll find that they encourage all of their tutors to weave these strategies into their sessions. Students are dealing with so much at school, Apex is focused on helping them study smarter, not harder.
